2011年11月18日 星期五
2011年7月14日 星期四
哈佛研究:DDoS被作為威脅言論自由的武器
哈佛研究:DDoS被作為威脅言論自由的武器
哈佛法學院的柏克曼網際網路與社會中心(Berkman Center for Internet and Society)近日公布一份獨立媒體及人權網站遭受阻斷式服務攻擊(DDoS)的報告,指出從去年9月到今年8月間,總計有280個網站受到140次的攻擊。
柏克曼中心所調查的獨立媒體或人權網站大多數是站在與政府敵對的立場,但並未有明確的證據顯示政府機構涉入相關攻擊,該報告的共同作者Ethan Zuckerman表示,研究顯示要噤聲言論是容易的,但要保護言論則是相對困難。
今年來自Panda Labs的安全研究人員Sean-Paul Correll就曾預測,阻斷式服務攻擊將成為未來網路示威的工具,用來抗議網站的各種行為或言論。
Zuckerman指出,此次的調查發現DDoS是用來攻擊獨立媒體及人權網站的普遍形式,且攻擊數量並未減緩,不過,DDoS也只是攻擊這些網站的手法之一,駭客亦透過其他方式攻擊相關網站。對許多組織而言,DDoS可能會造成網站長期無法存取,這是因為他們多半缺乏有經驗的系統管理員,以及欠缺ISP 業者及技術社群的協助。
柏克曼中心因為WikiLeaks事件的發生而延後發表該報告,Zuckerman說,該報告原本建議這些組織能夠把網站資源挪到共享的平台上,因為這些共享的平台有更多的資源抵擋DDoS,有些大型的ISP業者在一小時內就能解決阻斷式服務攻擊,但研究顯示針對獨立媒體及人權網站的攻擊可能導致這些網站停擺數周甚至更久。
不過,雖然WikiLeaks在遭受DDoS攻擊後即移到Amazon,但Amazon隨後拒絕WikiLeaks的作法使得該中心重新思考上述建議。
Zuckerman認為,Amazon的行為代表著網路言論自由的能力是受到各種網路互動媒介的箝制,諸如ISP、代管供應商或社交網路業者,這是一種新興的互動媒介審查制度,他認為這些業者應該要保護民眾使用者的表達權利,除非受到法令的要求,並坦承Amazon的作法讓他感到非常的不安。
阻斷式服務攻擊過去即時有所聞,但在WikiLeaks遭受DDoS攻擊,再加上Anonymous組織發動的DDoS報復行動則讓該名辭更為響亮,本周二(12/21)在Google搜尋DDoS的數量更創下平常的3.5倍。
哈佛法學院的柏克曼網際網路與社會中心(Berkman Center for Internet and Society)近日公布一份獨立媒體及人權網站遭受阻斷式服務攻擊(DDoS)的報告,指出從去年9月到今年8月間,總計有280個網站受到140次的攻擊。
柏克曼中心所調查的獨立媒體或人權網站大多數是站在與政府敵對的立場,但並未有明確的證據顯示政府機構涉入相關攻擊,該報告的共同作者Ethan Zuckerman表示,研究顯示要噤聲言論是容易的,但要保護言論則是相對困難。
今年來自Panda Labs的安全研究人員Sean-Paul Correll就曾預測,阻斷式服務攻擊將成為未來網路示威的工具,用來抗議網站的各種行為或言論。
Zuckerman指出,此次的調查發現DDoS是用來攻擊獨立媒體及人權網站的普遍形式,且攻擊數量並未減緩,不過,DDoS也只是攻擊這些網站的手法之一,駭客亦透過其他方式攻擊相關網站。對許多組織而言,DDoS可能會造成網站長期無法存取,這是因為他們多半缺乏有經驗的系統管理員,以及欠缺ISP 業者及技術社群的協助。
柏克曼中心因為WikiLeaks事件的發生而延後發表該報告,Zuckerman說,該報告原本建議這些組織能夠把網站資源挪到共享的平台上,因為這些共享的平台有更多的資源抵擋DDoS,有些大型的ISP業者在一小時內就能解決阻斷式服務攻擊,但研究顯示針對獨立媒體及人權網站的攻擊可能導致這些網站停擺數周甚至更久。
不過,雖然WikiLeaks在遭受DDoS攻擊後即移到Amazon,但Amazon隨後拒絕WikiLeaks的作法使得該中心重新思考上述建議。
Zuckerman認為,Amazon的行為代表著網路言論自由的能力是受到各種網路互動媒介的箝制,諸如ISP、代管供應商或社交網路業者,這是一種新興的互動媒介審查制度,他認為這些業者應該要保護民眾使用者的表達權利,除非受到法令的要求,並坦承Amazon的作法讓他感到非常的不安。
阻斷式服務攻擊過去即時有所聞,但在WikiLeaks遭受DDoS攻擊,再加上Anonymous組織發動的DDoS報復行動則讓該名辭更為響亮,本周二(12/21)在Google搜尋DDoS的數量更創下平常的3.5倍。
2011年6月28日 星期二
在Linode VPS上安装pptp VPN
在Linode VPS上安装pptp VPN
应apple4.us之邀介绍一下如何在Linode VPS上安装VPN server.我自己的VPS装的是Ubuntu 9.10,所以以下操作全都是针对Ubuntu 9.10操作系统的。
首先,你要确保自己的vps已经按照Getting Started With Linode这篇文章做好了初步的准备工作。对安装VPN而言,需要注意的就是设置好更新源。编辑你的/etc/apt/sources.list文件,去掉"##universe repositories"之后所有行的注释,让文件变成和下面的一样。当然,这一步需要用sudo或者在root下来完成,后面所有的命令都是如此。
## main & restricted repositories deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic main restricted deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic main restricted deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu karmic-security main restricted deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu karmic-security main restricted ## universe repositories deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic universe deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic universe deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates universe deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ karmic-updates universe deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu karmic-security universe deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu karmic-security universe
接着用下面的命令更新你的软件包数据库
apt-get update
现在我们可以正式安装VPN server了。这里我们选择pptp(vpn 协议的一种),因为简单,一条命令搞定。剩下的无非是一些配置。
apt-get install pptpd
pptpd安装完成后,编辑/etc/pptpd.conf文件,去掉下面两行的注释或者直接添加这两行(在文件的最后).这一步是配置ip地址的范围。
localip 192.168.0.1 remoteip 192.168.0.234-238,192.168.0.245
然后在/etc/ppp/chap-secrets文件中添加vpn用户,按照下面的格式,每个用户一行。
username pptpd password *
为了让你的用户连上VPN后能够正常地解析域名,我们需要手动设置DNS. 编辑/etc/ppp/options,找到ms-dns这一项,设置你的DNS.这里我推荐的是Google 最近发布的Public DNS,原因是因为好记。
ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4
编辑/etc/sysctl.conf文件,找到"net.ipv4.ip_forward=1"这一行,去掉前面的注释。
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
运行下面的命令让配置生效。
sysctl -p
重启pptpd服务
/etc/init.d/pptpd restart
最后开启iptables转发
/sbin/iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
ok,安装完毕。赶快用上你的VPN,让GFW见鬼去吧。
2011年6月26日 星期日
如何陪伴「憂鬱症」病友
院長   楊適旭
甚麼是「憂鬱症」
憂鬱症是很常見的疾病,但往往因為病友不認識這個疾病,會在很多錯誤的科別尋求治療。通常大家還會花上半年在其他的科別(例如心臟內科、新陳代謝科、腸胃科…等等)尋求協助,而且一般人錯將「憂鬱症」與「精神病」相提並論而不願承認,錯失及早治療的良機。憂鬱症常見的症狀主要如下,憂鬱症必須包含下列第1、2項,且具備以下其他幾項症狀。
1. 情緒低落
2. 明顯對事物失去興趣
3. 體重下降或上升
4. 嗜睡或失眠
5. 動作遲緩
6. 容易疲倦或失去活力
7. 無價值感或強烈罪惡感
8. 注意力不集中或猶豫不決
9. 經常出現負面想法
暫時具備上述的這些症狀,也並非代表得了憂鬱症。要判斷是否得了憂鬱症,需要多方面評估,並尋求醫師的專業判斷。每個人都會出現「憂鬱」的時刻,「憂鬱」指的是一般人都會出現的一種低落、感受不到愉快、沮喪的情緒和心情;而「憂鬱症」則是一種疾病,是生理上的疾病,和其他生理上的疾病相同,並不只是一般人以為的「想不開」、被誤以為只是心理上的疾病。
每個人都會有心情不好的時候,有時心情不好是來自周遭的壓力」。不論是來自周遭的人或事,進展的不順遂,有時的確會造成心情低落,但是這樣的情緒或心情常常幾天後就逐漸變好了,或是事情發生後(失戀、發生重大事故、親人過世等),憂鬱情緒程度及持續的時間與周遭同樣際遇的朋友相似,那麼這只是處在「憂鬱」的情緒當中。但如果我們發現周遭人在類似的壓力下,憂鬱的程度明顯較別人強烈,憂鬱的時間明顯地拖得更加長久(譬如,連續三個月以上心情都沒有好轉),她們就有可能得到「憂鬱症」,需找醫師尋求協助了。
1. 情緒低落
2. 明顯對事物失去興趣
3. 體重下降或上升
4. 嗜睡或失眠
5. 動作遲緩
6. 容易疲倦或失去活力
7. 無價值感或強烈罪惡感
8. 注意力不集中或猶豫不決
9. 經常出現負面想法
暫時具備上述的這些症狀,也並非代表得了憂鬱症。要判斷是否得了憂鬱症,需要多方面評估,並尋求醫師的專業判斷。每個人都會出現「憂鬱」的時刻,「憂鬱」指的是一般人都會出現的一種低落、感受不到愉快、沮喪的情緒和心情;而「憂鬱症」則是一種疾病,是生理上的疾病,和其他生理上的疾病相同,並不只是一般人以為的「想不開」、被誤以為只是心理上的疾病。
每個人都會有心情不好的時候,有時心情不好是來自周遭的壓力」。不論是來自周遭的人或事,進展的不順遂,有時的確會造成心情低落,但是這樣的情緒或心情常常幾天後就逐漸變好了,或是事情發生後(失戀、發生重大事故、親人過世等),憂鬱情緒程度及持續的時間與周遭同樣際遇的朋友相似,那麼這只是處在「憂鬱」的情緒當中。但如果我們發現周遭人在類似的壓力下,憂鬱的程度明顯較別人強烈,憂鬱的時間明顯地拖得更加長久(譬如,連續三個月以上心情都沒有好轉),她們就有可能得到「憂鬱症」,需找醫師尋求協助了。
憂鬱症治不治的好?
憂鬱症是可以完全治癒的病,而且可以好到完全沒有症狀,並且恢復身心功能及社交能力,但是「憂鬱症」的復發率也不低,特別是那些在個性上較缺乏自信心或較神經質的人。因此復原後,有必要持續注意維持健康的情緒及適當修正自己個性上的不利因素。一個人會得到憂鬱症,非單一因素造成,有生理遺傳因素、心理人格特質及遭遇壓力事件等影響因素也會再次引發憂鬱症。精神科的專科醫師是這一方面的專家,除了能在情緒上給予病友支持,也較能利用藥物來協助病友走出憂鬱的陰霾,減少受到無謂的痛苦。
憂鬱症是可以完全治癒的病,而且可以好到完全沒有症狀,並且恢復身心功能及社交能力,但是「憂鬱症」的復發率也不低,特別是那些在個性上較缺乏自信心或較神經質的人。因此復原後,有必要持續注意維持健康的情緒及適當修正自己個性上的不利因素。一個人會得到憂鬱症,非單一因素造成,有生理遺傳因素、心理人格特質及遭遇壓力事件等影響因素也會再次引發憂鬱症。精神科的專科醫師是這一方面的專家,除了能在情緒上給予病友支持,也較能利用藥物來協助病友走出憂鬱的陰霾,減少受到無謂的痛苦。
如何陪伴憂鬱症病友?
在憂鬱症病人的眼中,人生一切都是黑白的。病人對事情提不起興趣,經常抱怨生活中大大小小的瑣事,不管週遭的人如何鼓舞,可能都無法改變甚麼。然而,就算是在這樣的情況之下,週遭親人、朋友的傾聽、陪伴與支持還是最重要的。其實,簡單的陪伴她們,不要太刻意去做些什麼動作,也不要有太高的要求與期待,讓她照著自己能夠適應的步調去生活就好。甚至不要說鼓勵性的話也沒關係,這樣反而會增加壓力。單純的陪伴、傾聽、讓他知道你永遠是支持他、關心他。
在憂鬱症病人的眼中,人生一切都是黑白的。病人對事情提不起興趣,經常抱怨生活中大大小小的瑣事,不管週遭的人如何鼓舞,可能都無法改變甚麼。然而,就算是在這樣的情況之下,週遭親人、朋友的傾聽、陪伴與支持還是最重要的。其實,簡單的陪伴她們,不要太刻意去做些什麼動作,也不要有太高的要求與期待,讓她照著自己能夠適應的步調去生活就好。甚至不要說鼓勵性的話也沒關係,這樣反而會增加壓力。單純的陪伴、傾聽、讓他知道你永遠是支持他、關心他。
  另外,在憂鬱症患者的想法中,他是沮喪的、沒用的。所以在這樣的狀況下,你對他說.:「好好加油」,恐怕是一點用處都沒有,不如讓他去接受這樣的事實,告訴他,你現在就是生病了!請安心休養,不要勉強去做現在能力不及的事。讓病人比較寬心,而不要讓他覺得自己是罪惡的。
  幫助「憂鬱症」患者就醫並不是一件很容易的事,需要週圍親友的協助。可以做的事情包含協助持續就醫治療,督促按醫師指示服藥等等。「憂鬱症」藥物的藥效通常需四至六週才會看見成效,千萬不可以自行停藥或換藥,如果情況沒有改善,不妨提出來再與醫師討論是否需換藥或提高劑量。如果是因為心理因素導致憂鬱症,也可以在狀況穩定時,請精神科醫師推薦後續的心理治療,兩者同時並行,會對治逾更有幫助。
How Mobile Phones Can Transform Healthcare
推薦者:
楊適旭  院長
台電聯合診所
看到周圍的所有人的生活進入到雲端時代,醫療產業更是隨著無線通
更加精采的當然還是雲端運算,最近幫很多診所同事配置了iPho
但為了讓我們明白妳的那一隻智慧手機未來和妳的健康有甚麼關聯,
How Mobile Phones Can Transform Healthcare
9:56 AM Tuesday March 8, 2011
by David Aylward | Comments ( 9)
by David Aylward | Comments ( 9)
Editor's note: This post is part of a three-week series examining innovation in health care, published in partnership with the Advanced Leadership Initiative at Harvard University.
The mobile phone is a strong contender as a key transforming agent in the future of health and healthcare. There are now more than 5.3 billion cell phone users around the globe, and 90 percent of the world's population is covered by a commercial wireless signal. We now have a pathway to reach the unreached, and to deliver health services where people are, not merely in health facilities.
In a world with severe healthcare resource constraints, mobile digital technology can be a major "force multiplier." It can empower both patients and practitioners by providing them with the information they need to make informed decisions about health issues from healthy living habits, to health care provision, and monitoring of diseases. The rapid expansion of wireless networks represents a particularly exciting opportunity to reach those who are currently isolated by distance and lack of communication, using "mHealth" (mobile health) programs.
In a world with severe healthcare resource constraints, mobile digital technology can be a major "force multiplier." It can empower both patients and practitioners by providing them with the information they need to make informed decisions about health issues from healthy living habits, to health care provision, and monitoring of diseases. The rapid expansion of wireless networks represents a particularly exciting opportunity to reach those who are currently isolated by distance and lack of communication, using "mHealth" (mobile health) programs.
In this respect, health care is no different from other economic sectors that have gained enormous efficiencies and improved outcomes through the use of modern information and communications technologies (ICT). With its ability to reach much further into developing countries than any other technology, wireless is today powering the collection of health data, supporting diagnosis and treatment, and advancing education and research in even the most remote and resource-poor environments — with the potential to do far more.
There are a number of challenges to taking full advantage of this opportunity. One is figuring out the proper mix of public and private involvement.
We don't understand the business models that will support real public private partnerships in the deployment and sustainability of mHealth systems. I just spent a week in Barcelona at the annual gathering of the wireless industry. We want to harness the same drive for health that has been delivering profitable wireless service in the remotest and poorest parts of the world. The interest level is very high, but so far most private sector support for mHealth is still limited to charity. It is not yet clear how the industry will make money on it.
mHealth business models have emerged where there is one buyer for a solution to a specific problem. For example, Sproxil has found pharmaceutical buyers for its anti-drug counterfeiting service. Sproxil allows individuals to easily determine if a drug is legitimate with a single SMS message of a scratched-off number. Ensuring brand protection for the pharmaceutical company creates a business.
However, the real power of mHealth is in supporting integrated health systems involving multiple public and private parties offering diverse services and products. For these multi-problem, multi-actor systems, we have not yet developed clear value chains, much less business models.
Once we start to do that, and we create larger scale implementations, we will be able to see how far private market incentives will go in addressing the enormous needs, especially in the developing world.
We think that offering an array of health services via wireless will generally drive up sales and usage. We think it will drive the sale of more sophisticated handsets and networks. But that "array" has yet to be offered, much less measured.
More narrowly, will offering smart phones to front line health workers pay for itself in increased sales to others? Will hosting an electronic health record and package of health applications for maternal and newborn care justify itself in higher female subscriptions? Will lower data rates for health workers be justified by sparking higher overall demand?
These are all colorable propositions. They need to be tested at scale.
From its earliest days, the US wireless industry offered emergency 9-1-1 calls for free. Years ago I bought cell service for my daughters so they would be safer. I don't think they ever called 9-1-1, but the offer contributed substantially to the growth of the US wireless industry. That industry has a similar opportunity with mHealth, especially in emerging markets.
The industry cannot deliver mHealth on its own, and the private market is not going to solve all health issues by any means. But understanding how much the industry can and will do in its own interests is an important part of the puzzle.
David Aylward is the first Executive Director of the mHealth Alliance — a partnership recently formed by the UN Foundation, The Vodafone Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation.
台灣50歲以上的人 每2人就有1人罹患退化性關節炎
【聯合新聞網 /文/ 台電聯合診所 院長 楊適旭 】
台灣超過50歲的人,
每個人都會老化,關節也一樣會老化,使用到某種程度後,
正常人骨頭與骨頭接觸的地方,就是關節軟骨。
關節炎通常會以四大症狀表現:
1、疼痛
2、關節腫脹、變形
3、早晨起床感覺關節僵硬,下床運動後,症狀才會緩解
4、關節活動時會有聲音
然而,適當的運動計畫卻能增強我們軟骨。
好的醫師需要視病人的狀況提供適合的運動建議,
關節周圍肌腱的增強,也可以減少軟骨磨損的機率。
多曬太陽也能防止骨質流失,因為陽光可將維生素D活化,
台電診所員工化身為愛心天使 遠走東部協助孩童心智發展
採訪:陳湘庭     受訪者: 楊適旭 院長、曹雅婷
在今年四月,楊適旭院長為了慰勞辛苦照顧病友的復健部門,
佩倫接著告訴我們:那位名叫雅婷的同事,每週都會到花蓮,
因經費有限的關係,無法聘請專業治療師來協助教育孩子,
於是院長和佩倫組長請雅婷來分享她的花東經驗,在深入了解之後,
另一方面,我們也專訪了雅婷本人,深入了解雅婷的故事。
說到這裡,雅婷並不喊苦,她說:只要小朋友記得我,
雖然每個人對自己的生命期望及人生規劃都不相同,
↑雅婷與當地老師正協助孩童做物理治療。(左/曹雅婷)
↑幫助孩子能夠透過復健好轉。
註1:目前台電聯合診所針對自閉症、
如何看自己的健康檢查報告
大多數中年人拿到健康檢查報告都會發現不少紅字:例如GOT 43(肝機能指數,正常範圍應小於40)、飯前血糖為125 mg/dL(正常值應小於110 mg/dL),都不在正常範圍,心裡不免一陣緊張,
檢驗報告的迷思
有很多人只要健康檢查檢驗結果比正常值略高一點就開始認定身體出
相對於過度的臆測原因,抗拒進一步檢查則更危險。
如何面對健康檢查的結果
面對健康檢查結果,首先一定要有這樣的認識。
其次,檢驗結果的數據偏高或偏低,也未必代表身體出了什麼狀況。
所以,我會建議大家先放下您的擔心,
我也一直努力在提供這種健康檢查的服務方式。
現在很多健檢中心的環境幽雅怡人,健康檢查報告精美又清楚,
我認為不管您在哪裡接受健康檢查,
註:本所各項健檢服務項目請參考本所健檢中心
2011年6月25日 星期六
全民健保制度下的『老人用藥安全』省思
作者:
楊適旭  院長
台電聯合診所
| 老人用藥  步步危機 | 
| 連我看到自己的父親母親上醫院看病吃藥, 老人用藥風險管理有人在乎嗎 解決老人重複用藥問題,除了靠病人自我記錄用藥、 老人幾乎都患有數種慢性疾病纏身,因此用藥量較多,是一般人5倍 我們都被誤導健保制度虧損是因為『藥價黑洞』問題很嚴重, 由於台灣沒有健全的醫療制度,常導致患有多種疾病的銀髮族, | 
2011年6月24日 星期五
台灣醫療服務業之競爭策略分析
台灣醫療服務業之競爭策略分析
| 作者: | 楊適旭 | 
醫療保障是世界上所有政府都極為重視的民生議題,每一個國家的醫療政策都不盡相同。從醫療服務產業觀之,台灣社會雖然是以資本主義發展為主軸,然過去醫療法規卻對大型醫院組織型態要求醫院須符合絕對公益化之色彩。一直到2004年醫療法修正通過後,才允許有醫療社團法人之營利型組織型態出現。新醫療法對醫療社團法人的社員資格限制,亦將公司組織排除在社員資格之外,亦即否定營利的公司組織參與投資醫院。關於這點,反而和號稱實施共產主義的中國大陸正好相反。同時,台灣法律亦規定全台灣民眾都必須依法參加全民健保,由中央健康保險局統籌辦理,類似實施社會主義制度。
本研究擬從競爭策略分析的角度,探討台灣醫療服務產業經營所需面對之不同經營環境與採取不同之策略,並嘗試建立策略分析架構,以預測未來產業可能之變化與採取之因應策略。主要使用的研究方法為文獻回顧法、深度訪談法與歸納法,以獲取本研究所需之資料。再運用SWOT分析以及圖表法,以探討實施全民健保後,醫療院所之發展趨勢及競爭能力之優劣。
經本研究所得資料分析結果,結論如下:
一、台灣醫院產業面臨幾乎是單一買家的中央健保局,已經造成許多地區醫院因嚴重的虧損而退出市場。健保局採取各種論量計酬或論病計酬制度,甚至限制醫院的自由發展,雖然可降低醫病資訊不對稱與控制預算,然而此一制度卻扭曲原先希望建立分級轉診醫療產業經營環境之本意。
二、台灣民眾目前對健保制度滿意度很高,但健保制度是否可以提升就醫品質、維持醫療效率與是否有能力永續經營,則被普遍存疑。長期來說,健保制度恐怕仍將持續嚴重虧損,未來就醫資源與品質恐將下降。
三、台灣民眾比較喜好到大醫院看病,這可從醫院天天人滿為患和早些年大型教學醫院申報件數之市佔率看出。但自健保逐漸拉大自負額差距後,近兩年來,大型教學醫院市佔比率從10%降至8%。因此,民眾雖然希望擁有教學醫院的門診品質,卻不願增加對門診自負額的負擔。加上健保對於合理門診量的推動,可以預期民眾仍將提高至基層院所的就診率。
Healthcare is the most important issue in developed countries worldwide. However, every country adapts different strategies to satisfy its needs to maintain the health of the population. Prior to 2004, Taiwanese medical laws required all the major hospitals to be non-for-profit organizations. And the laws had been revised in 2004. The new medical laws allow different kinds of organizations to participate in healthcare service industry. However, it still excludes any commercial company as the sole owner of any hospital. This means that the capital of private or public company in Taiwan can not invest in hospitals. Meanwhile, medical laws require all the Taiwan people to join in the National Health Insurance Plan. As a summary, Taiwan medical system looks very similar to socialism countries.
Taiwan’s government has been acting vigorously in find out the way to finance its National Health Insurance Plan and to adjust new system to keep plan continued. On the other hand, because the system is changed frequently, hospital operators can only face the new industrial structure changes. They have been trying their best to adopt different strategies. This thesis is intent to analyze the different competitive strategies adapted by Taiwanese hospitals. I want to explain how hospitals manage their outside environments and to predict future possible change of healthcare service industry in Taiwan.
According to our research findings, we can conclude the followings:
First, hospital industry in Taiwan is facing one single buyer, the National Health Insurance Bureau (NHIB) which causes very serious financial loss for some Area Hospitals. To keep these hospitals from closing, the National Health Insurance Bureau adopts different policies from the “Payment by Patient Numbers” or the “Payment by Diseases” to other quality performance index and allow hospitals to have more choices for their survive strategies. The limitation of free competition for healthcare industry in Taiwan, although reduce information asymmetry between physicians and patients, is helpless to improve the whole investment environment of the healthcare industry. Furthermore, proper referral system in healthcare still can not be created.
Second, most people in Taiwan are satisfied with the current healthcare system, but also strongly question that whether the national health care system can improve the efficiency for them in seeking medical advice. People also question if the National Health Insurance Plan can run continuously. In the long run, Taiwanese believe that serious loss will eventually cause medical service quality drop in the future.
Third, large hospitals are losing their outpatient market share from 10% to 8% because NHIB changed its payment structure. Patients like to enjoy high quality service but do not like to pay more for service in large hospitals. Mostly likely in the future, patients will use more outpatient clinics near their communities.
2011年1月16日 星期日
音樂毒品大收集
音樂毒品大收集
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How To Set Up Apache2 With mod_fcgid And PHP5 On Ubuntu 8.10
How To Set Up Apache2 With mod_fcgid And PHP5 On Ubuntu 8.10
Version 1.0 
Author: Falko Timme 
Last edited 01/29/2009 
Author: Falko Timme
Last edited 01/29/2009
This tutorial describes how you can install Apache2 with mod_fcgid and PHP5 on Ubuntu 8.10. mod_fcgid is a compatible alternative to the older mod_fastcgi. It lets you execute PHP scripts with the permissions of their owners instead of the Apache user.
I do not issue any guarantee that this will work for you!
1 Preliminary Note
I'm using an Ubuntu 8.10 server in this tutorial with the hostname server1.example.com and the IP address192.168.0.100.
I will create two Apache vhosts in this tutorial, www.example1.com and www.example2.com, to demonstrate the usage of mod_fcgid.
Make sure you're logged in as root:
sudo su
/bin/sh is a symlink to /bin/dash, however we need /bin/bash, not /bin/dash. Therefore we do this:
ln -sf /bin/bash /bin/sh
In addition to that, we must disable AppArmor:
/etc/init.d/apparmor stop
update-rc.d -f apparmor remove
apt-get remove apparmor apparmor-utils
update-rc.d -f apparmor remove
apt-get remove apparmor apparmor-utils
2 Installing Apache2/mod_fcgi/PHP5
In order to install Apache2, mod_fcgid, and PHP5, run
apt-get install apache2 apache2-suexec libapache2-mod-fcgid php5-cgi
If Apache2 was already installed with PHP5 as an Apache module, disable the PHP5 module now:
a2dismod php5
Then enable the following modules...
a2enmod rewrite
a2enmod suexec
a2enmod include
a2enmod fcgid
a2enmod suexec
a2enmod include
a2enmod fcgid
... and open /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini:
vi /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini
Add the line cgi.fix_pathinfo = 1 right at the end of the file:
| [...] cgi.fix_pathinfo = 1 | 
Then reload Apache:
/etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload
3 Creating Vhosts For www.example1.com And www.example2.com
I will now create two vhosts, www.example1.com (with the document root /var/www/web1/web) and www.example2.com (with the document root /var/www/web2/web).www.example1.com will be owned by the user and group web1, and www.example2.com by the user and group web2.
First we create the users and groups:
groupadd web1
groupadd web2
useradd -s /bin/false -d /var/www/web1 -m -g web1 web1
useradd -s /bin/false -d /var/www/web2 -m -g web2 web2
groupadd web2
useradd -s /bin/false -d /var/www/web1 -m -g web1 web1
useradd -s /bin/false -d /var/www/web2 -m -g web2 web2
Then we create the document roots and make them owned by the users/groups web1 resp. web2:
mkdir -p /var/www/web1/web
chown web1:web1 /var/www/web1/web
mkdir -p /var/www/web2/web
chown web2:web2 /var/www/web2/web
chown web1:web1 /var/www/web1/web
mkdir -p /var/www/web2/web
chown web2:web2 /var/www/web2/web
We will run PHP using suExec; suExec's document root is /var/www, as the following command shows:
/usr/lib/apache2/suexec -V
root@server1:~# /usr/lib/apache2/suexec -V
-D AP_DOC_ROOT="/var/www"
-D AP_GID_MIN=100
-D AP_HTTPD_USER="www-data"
-D AP_LOG_EXEC="/var/log/apache2/suexec.log"
-D AP_SAFE_PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
-D AP_UID_MIN=100
-D AP_USERDIR_SUFFIX="public_html"
root@server1:~#
-D AP_DOC_ROOT="/var/www"
-D AP_GID_MIN=100
-D AP_HTTPD_USER="www-data"
-D AP_LOG_EXEC="/var/log/apache2/suexec.log"
-D AP_SAFE_PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
-D AP_UID_MIN=100
-D AP_USERDIR_SUFFIX="public_html"
root@server1:~#
Therefore we cannot call the PHP binary (/usr/lib/cgi-bin/php) directly because it is located outside suExec's document root. As suExec does not allow symlinks, the only way to solve the problem is to create a wrapper script for each web site in a subdirectory of /var/www; the wrapper script will then call the PHP binary/usr/lib/cgi-bin/php. The wrapper script must be owned by the user and group of each web site, therefore we need one wrapper script for each web site. I'm going to create the wrapper scripts in subdirectories of /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts, e.g. /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web1 and /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2.
mkdir -p /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web1
mkdir -p /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2
mkdir -p /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2
vi /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web1/php-fcgi-starter
| #!/bin/sh PHPRC=/etc/php5/cgi/ export PHPRC export PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=5000 export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=8 exec /usr/lib/cgi-bin/php | 
vi /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2/php-fcgi-starter
| #!/bin/sh PHPRC=/etc/php5/cgi/ export PHPRC export PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=5000 export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=8 exec /usr/lib/cgi-bin/php | 
The PHPRC line contains the directory where the php.ini file is located (i.e., /etc/php5/cgi/ translates to /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini). PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS is the maximum number of requests before an fcgid process is stopped and a new one is launched. PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN defines the number of PHP children that will be launched.
The php-fcgi-starter scripts must be executable, and they (and the directories they are in) must be owned by the web site's user and group:
chmod 755 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web1/php-fcgi-starter
chmod 755 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2/php-fcgi-starter
chown -R web1:web1 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web1
chown -R web2:web2 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2
chmod 755 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2/php-fcgi-starter
chown -R web1:web1 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web1
chown -R web2:web2 /var/www/php-fcgi-scripts/web2
Now we create the Apache vhosts for www.example1.com and www.example2.com:
vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/web1
| 
 | 
a2ensite web1
vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/web2
| 
 | 
a2ensite web2
Make sure you fill in the right paths (and the correct user and group in the SuexecUserGroup line).
Reload Apache afterwards:
/etc/init.d/apache2 reload
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